Fungi (Key 1)

1. Volva absent - 2

1. Volva present - 29

2. Gills brown when mature - 2

2. Gills white or pale when mature - 15

2. Gills yellow - Plantpot Dapperling (Leucocoprinus birnbaumii) (Corda, 1839)

3. Cap not or only finely scaly or fibrillose - 4

3. Cap with large, definite scales - 10

4. Ring robust and cog-wheeled - Horse Mushroom (Agaricus arvensis) (Schaeffer, 1774)

4. Ring robust but not cog-wheeled - Yellow Stainer (Agaricus xanthodermus) (Genevier, 1876)

4. Ring membranous - 5

4. Ring inconspicuous and ephemeral - 7

5. All basidia with two spores - Cultivated Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) (Lange, 1926)

5. At least some basidia with four spores - 6

6. No distinct smell - Pavement Mushroom (Agaricus bitorquis) (Quélet, 1884)

6. Smell of almonds - Mini Mushroom (Agaricus comtulus) (Fries, 1838)

6. Smell of aniseed - Wood Mushroom (Agaricus sylvicola) (Vittadini, 1832)

6. Smell of urine - Macro Mushroom (Agaricus urinascens) (Møller and Schaeffer, 1938)

7. No colour change when cut or bruised - Field Mushroom (Agaricus campestris) (Linnaeus, 1753)

7. Turning slightly reddish or pinkish when cut or bruised - 8

7. Turning yellow or orange when cut or bruised - Rosy Wood Mushroom (Agaricus dulcidulus) (Schulzer, 1874)

8. Cap white - 9

8. Cap ochraceous brown - Sea Mushroom (Agaricus litoralis) (Wakefield and Pearson, 1946)

9. Cap smooth - Sandy Mushroom (Agaricus devoniensis) (Orton, 1960)

9. Cap fibrillose - Purple-headed Mushroom (Agaricus porphyrocephalus) (Møller, 1952)

10. Stems mostly >10 cm - 11

10. Stems mostly <10 cm - 12

11. Smell of bitter almonds - The Prince (Agaricus arvensis) (Fries, 1838)

11. Smell mushroomy - Medusa Mushroom (Agaricus bohusii) (Bon, 1983)

11. Smell of ink - Inky Mushroom (Agaricus moelleri) (Wasser, 1976)

12. Cap white with brown scales - 13

12. Cap pale brown with brown scales - 14

13. Base of stem without a volva-like swelling - Salty Mushroom (Agaricus bernardii) (Quélet, 1878)

13. Base of stem with a volva-like swelling - Booted Mushroom (Agaricus subperonatus) (Lange, 1926)

14. Flesh unchanging or turning only slightly red when cut or bruised - Shameless Mushroom (Agaricus impudicus) (Rea, 1932)

14. Flesh strongly turning red when cut or bruised - Blushing Wood Mushroom (Agaricus sylvaticus) (Schaeffer, 1774)

15. Cap scaly - 16

15. Cap floccose, flaky or grainy - 25

15. Cap mostly smooth - 26

15. Cap wrinkled - Wrinkled Powdercap (Cystoderma simulatum) (Orton, 1960)

16. Outermost scales with upturned edges - Frayed Parasol (Macrolepiota excoriata) (Schaeffer, 1762)

16. Scales woolly - Woolly Dapperling (Cystolepiota pulverulenta) (Huijsman, 1960)

16. All scales flat against cap surface and not woolly- 17

17. Fruit-body reddening strongly when bruised - Blushing Dapperling (Leucoagaricus badhamii)

17. Fruit-body not reddening when bruised - 18

18. Stem smooth - 19

18. Stem scaly below ring - 23

18. Stem woolly above and scaly below ring - Yellowfoot Dapperling (Lepiota magnispora) (Murrill, 1912)

19. Ring persistent - 20

19. Ring ephemeral - Crested Dapperling (Lepiota cristata) (Bolton, 1788)

20. Stem with a snakeskin pattern - Common Parasol (Macrolepiota procera) (Scopoli, 1772)

20. Stem without a snakeskin pattern - 21

21. Cap mostly >5 cm across - 22

21. Cap mostly <5 cm across - Cat Dapperling (Lepiota felina) (Persoon, 1801)

22. Cap umbonate - Slender Parasol (Macrolepiota mastoidea) (Fries, 1821)

22. Cap not umbonate - Orange-girdled Dapperling (Lepiota ignivolvata) (Josserand, 1990)

23. Ring present - 24

23. Indistinct ring zone - Fatal Dappering (Lepiota subincarnata) (Lange, 1940)

23. Ring fragmentary - Spiny Dapperling (Echinoderma echinacea) (Lange, 1940)

24. Ring woolly - Deadly Dapperling (Lepiota brunneoincarnata) (Chodat and Martin, 1889)

24. Ring not woolly - Green Dapperling (Lepiota grangei) (Eyre, 1903)

25. Cap pale brown - Dusky-disced Parasol (Macrolepiota phaeodisca) (Bellù, 1984)

25. Cap white - Velenovsky’s Dapperling (Lepiota oreadiformis) (Velenovsky, 1920)

25. Cap orange-,yellow- or red-brown - 27

26. Stem smooth above ring, fibrillose below - White Dapperling (Leucoagaricus leucothites) (Vittadini, 1835)

26. Stem smooth above and below ring - Crystal Dapperling (Leucoagaricus crystallifer) (Vellinga, 2000)

27. Cap over 5 cm across - Golden Bootleg (Phaeolepiota aurea) (Mattuschka, 1779)

27. Cap up to 5 cm across - 28

28. Stem +/- same colour as cap - Earthy Powdercap (Cystoderma amianthinum) (Scopoli, 1772)

28. Stem flushed with lilac or purple - Pine Powdercap (Cystoderma jasonis) (Cooke and Massee, 1888)

29. Ring absent - 30

29. Ring present - 31

30. Cap grey-brown - Banded Amanita (Amanita battarrae) (Boudier, 1902)

30. Cap olivaceous-brown - Snakeskin Grisette (Amanita ceciliae) (Berkely and Broome, 1854)

30. Cap yellow-orange - Orange Grisette (Amanita crocea) (Quélet, 1898)

31. Cap orange - Caesar's Mushroom (Amanita caesarea) (Scopoli, 1772)

31. Cap yellow - False Deathcap (Amanita citrina) (Schaeffer, 1762)

31. Cap white or cream - Solitary Amanita (Amanita echinocephala) (Vittadini, 1835)

31. Cap brown or grey-brown - 32

31. Cap ochre - Gilded Amanita (Amanita franchetii) (Boudier, 1881)

32. Velar remains grey - Grey Spotted Amanita (Amanita excelsa) (Fries, 1821)

32. Velar remains yellow - Gilded Amanita (Amanita franchetii) (Boudier, 1881)

Plants (Key 1)

1. Stems elongated and aerial - 2

1. Stems short and corm-like - 29

1. Stems floating on water - Water Fern (Azolla filiculoides) (Lamarck, 1783)

1. Stems aerial and trunk-like - 35

1. Stems elongated and subterranean - 37

2. Stems not jointed and ridged - 3

2. Stem jointed and ridged - 13

3. Ligule absent - 4

3. Ligule present - 12

4. Stems erect - 5

4. Stems procumbent - 6

5. Stems to 30 cm, 6 - 12 mm thick - Fir Clubmoss (Huperzia selago) (Linnaeus, 1753)

5. Stems to 10 cm, 5 - 6 mm thick - Northern Clubmoss (Huperzia appressa) (Desvaux, 1827)

6. Stems arising in fan-like groups - 7

6. Stems not arising in fan-like groups - 9

7. Lateral and dorsal leaves +/- same width - Cypress Clubmoss (Lycopodium tristachyum) (Pursh, 1813)

7. Lateral leaves distinctly wider than dorsal leaves - 8

8. Ventral leaves petiolate - Alpine Clubmoss (Lycopodium alpinum) (Linnaeus, 1753)

8. Ventral leaves sessile - Issler’s Clubmoss (Lycopodium x issleri) (Rouy, 1914)

9. Lateral stems fertile only - Marsh Clubmoss (Lycopodiella inundata) (Linnaeus, 1753)

9. Lateral stems both fertile and sterile - 10

10. Leaves without a long whitish apical point - Interrupted Clubmoss (Lycopodium annotinum) (Linnaeus, 1753)

10. Leaves with a long whitish apical point - 11

11. Peduncles 2.5 - 7 cm - Stag’s-horn Clubmoss (Lycopodium clavatum) (Linnaeus, 1753)

11. Peduncles 0 - 1.2 cm - Hare’s-foot Clubmoss (Lycopodium lagopus) (Kuzeneva, 1953)

12. Branches not dorsiventrally flattened - Lesser Clubmoss (Selaginella selaginoides) (Linnaeus, 1753)

12. Branches dorsiventrally flattened - Krauss’ Clubmoss (Selaginella kraussiana) (Kunze, 1844)

13. Stems brown or whitish - 14

13. Stems green - 16

14. Leaf-sheaths with 20 - 30 teeth - Great Horsetail (Equisetum telmateia) (Ehrhart, 1783)

14. Leaf-sheaths with 3 - 20 teeth - 15

15. Leaf-sheaths with teeth united into 3 - 6 obtuse lobes at least at some nodes - Wood Horsetail (Equisetum sylvaticum) (Linnaeus, 1753)

15. Leaf-sheaths with 6 - 20 separate acute teeth - 16

16. Base of stem and leaf-sheaths usually tinged green - Shady Horsetail (Equisetum pratense) (Ehrhart, 1784)

16. Green colour absent from stem and leaf-sheaths - Field Horsetail (Equisetum arvense) (Linnaeus, 1753)

17. Usually at least some stems at least partly perennial with previous year’s cones persisting - 18

17. Stems annual - 23

18. Spores spherical and full of contents - 19

18. Spores misshapen and devoid of contents - 21

19. Leaf-sheaths with a distinct black band at distal edge - Rough Horsetail (Equisetum hyemale) (Linnaeus, 1753)

19. Leaf-sheaths without distinct black band - 20

20. Stems usually with numerous side-branches - Branched Horsetail (Equisetum ramosissimum) (Desfontaines, 1799)

20. Stems usually unbranched - Variegated Horsetail (Equisetum variegatum) (Weber and Mohr, 1807)

21. Abaxial surface of teeth of leaf-sheaths with minute prickle-like projections - Mackay’s Horsetail (Equisetum x trachyodon) (Braun 1839)

21. Abaxial surface of teeth of leaf-sheaths without prickle-like projections - 22

22. Stems usually <50 cm - Southern Horsetail (Equisetum x meridionale) (Milde, 1862)

22. Usually some stems >50 cm - Moore’s Horsetail (Equisetum x moorei) (Newman, 1854)

23. Stem internodes white - Great Horsetail (Equisetum telmateia) (Ehrhart, 1783)

23. Stem internodes green - 24

24. Branches regularly branched again - Wood Horsetail (Equisetum sylvaticum) (Linnaeus, 1753)

24. Branches absent or not regularly branched again - 25

25. Stem-internodes with central hollow >3/4 as wide as stem - Water Horsetail (Equisetum fluviatile) (Linnaeus, 1753)

25. Stem-internodes with central hollow <3/4 as wide as stem - 26

26. Stem with peripheral hollows c. same size as central hollow - Marsh Horsetail (Equisetum palustre) (Linnaeus, 1753)

26. Stem with peripheral hollows <1/2 size of central hollow - 27

27. Internodes of branches mostly 3-angled - Shady Horsetail (Equisetum pratense) (Ehrhart, 1784)

27. Internodes of branches mostly 4-angled - 28

28. Stem-internodes with central hollow c.1/2 as wide as stem - Shore Horsetail (Equisetum x litorale) (Ruprecht, 1845)

28. Stem-internodes with central hollow <1/2 as wide as stem - Field Horsetail (Equisetum arvense) (Linnaeus, 1753)

29. Leaves subulate with air cavities - 30

29. Leaves not like this - 32

30. Leaf-bases dark - Land Quillwort (Isoetes histrix) (Bory, 1846)

30. Leaf-bases not dark - 31

31. Megaspores with blunt, anastomosing tubercles on outer face - Lake Quillwort (Isoetes lacustris) (Linnaeus, 1753)

31. Megaspores with acute spines on all faces - Spring Quillwort (Isoetes echinospora) (Durieu, 1861)

32. Sterile blade simple - 33

32. Sterile blade pinnate - 34

33. Sterile blade rarely >2 cm - Least Adder’s-tongue (Ophioglossum lusitanicum) (Linnaeus, 1753)

33. Sterile blade mostly 3 - 3.5 cm - Small Adder’s-tongue (Ophioglossum azaoricum) (Presl, 1845)

33. Sterile blade mostly 4 - 15 cm - Common Adder’s-tongue (Ophioglossum vulgatum) (Linnaeus, 1753)

34. Sterile blade 1-pinnate - Common Moonwort (Botrychium lunaria) (Linnaeus, 1753)

34. Sterile blade 2-pinnate - Branched Moonwort (Botrychium matricariifolium) (Retzius, 1779)

35. Trunk scaly - Scaly Tree-fern (Alsophila tricolor) (Colenso, 1883)

35. Trunk bristly but not scaly - 36

36. Leaves up to 2 m long - Australian Tree-fern (Dicksonia antarctica) (Labillardiere, 1806)

36. Leaves up to 1.2 m long - New Zealand Tree Fern (Dicksonia fibrosa) (Colenso, 1845)

37. Leaves sterile below and fertile above - Royal Fern (Osmunda regalis) (Linnaeus, 1753)

37. Leaves either entirely sterile or entirely fertile - 38

38. Leaves very thin - 39

38. Leaves not very thin - 41

39. Petiole not winged - 39

39. Petiole winged, at least distally - Killarney Fern (Trichomanes speciosum) (Willdenow, 1810)

40. Indusium valves conspicuously dentate - Tunbridge Filmy-fern (Hymenophyllum tunbrigense) (Linnaeus, 1753)

40. Indusium valves entire - Wilson’s Filmy-fern (Hymenophyllum wilsonii) (Hooker, 1830)

41. Sterile leaves filiform, fertile leaves globose - Pillwort (Pilularia globulifera) (Linnaeus, 1753)

41. Leaves not like this - 42

42. Leaves with strong stem-like petiole - 43

42. Leaves without strong stem-like petiole - 45

43. Sori continuous around pinnule margins - 44

43. Sori in discrete groups - Pig-fern (Hypolepis ambigua) (Richard, 1832)

44. >1 main pair of pinnae - Common Bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) (Linnaeus, 1753)

44. 1 main pair of pinnae - Pine Bracken (Pteridium pinetorum) (Page and Mill, 1994)

45. Sterile and fertile leaves different - 46

45. Sterile and fertile leaves +/- similar - 47

46. Sori oblong - Parsley Fern (Cryptogramma crispa) (Linnaeus, 1753)

46. Sori linear - Jersey Fern (Anogramma leptophylla) (Linnaeus, 1753)

46. Sori +/- round - Marsh Fern (Thelypteris palustris) (Schott, 1834)

47. Sori suborbicular or round - 48

47. Sori oblong to linear - 49

48. Sori suborbicular at tips of pinnules - Southern Maidenhair-fern (Adiantum capillus-veneris) (Linnaeus, 1753)

48. Sori horseshoe-shaped around pinnule notches - Raddi’s Maidenhair-fern (Adiantum raddianum) (Presl, 1836)

48. Sori near pinnule margins - 53

48. Sori scattered on pinnule undersides - 55

49. Rhachis not winged - 50

49. Rhachis winged - Spider Brake (Pteris multifida) (Poiret, 1804)

50. Leaves not covered in scales underneath - 51

50. Leaves covered in scales underneath - Rustyback (Asplenium ceterach) (Linnaeus, 1753)

51. Indusium absent - 52

51. Indusium present - 60

52. Pinnae cuneate at base - Ribbon Fern (Pteris cretica) (Linnaeus, 1767)

52. Pinnae cordate at base - Chinese Brake (Pteris vittata) (Linnaeus, 1753)

53. Blade non-glandular - 54

53. Blade with small glands - Limestone Fern (Gymnocarpium robertianum) (Hoffmann, 1796)

54. Leaves 3-pinnate, at least at the base - Oak Fern (Gymnocarpium dryopteris) (Linnaeus, 1753)

54. Leaves 2-pinnate or 1-pinnate with the pinnae deeply lobed - Beech Fern (Phegopteris connectilis) (Michaux, 1803)

55. Leaves triangular-ovate - Mountain Bladder-fern (Cystopteris montana) (Lamarck, 1779)

55. Leaves narrowly oblong to lanceolate - 56

56. Spores rugose - Dickie’s Bladder-fern (Cystopteris dickieana) (Sim, 1848)

56. Spores spiny - 57

57. Ultimate leaf segments narrowly oblong to linear, mostly <2 mm wide - Alpine Bladder-fern (Cystopteris alpina) (Lamarck, 1779)

57. Ultimate leaf segments ovate to oblong, mostly >2 mm wide - 57

58. Most or all veins ending in pinnule-tooth apices - 59

58. Most or all veins ending in notches between pinnule-tooth apices - Diaphanous Bladder-fern (Cystopteris diaphana) (Bory, 1804)

59. Leaves without glandular hairs - Brittle Bladder-fern (Cystopteris fragilis subsp. fragilis) (Linnaeus, 1753)

59. Leaves with glandular hairs - Brittle Bladder-fern (Cystopteris fragilis subsp. huteri) (Milde, 1867)

60. Leaves simple, not lobed or lobed <1/2 way to midrib - Hart's-tongue (Asplenium scolopendrium) (Linnaeus, 1753)

60. Leaves compound, or simple and lobed >1/2 way to midrib - 61

61. Leaves with terminal portion only lobed, not pinnate - 62

61. Leaves pinnate +/- to apex - 64

62. Pinnae in lower part of blade with conspicuous gaps between - Confluent Spleenwort (Asplenium x lawalreei) (Viane, 2021)

62. Pinnae in lower part of blade without or with very small gaps between, often overlapping - 62

63. Longest pinna 2 - 8 from bottom - Moore's Spleenwort (Asplenium x microdon) (Moore, 1855)

63. Longest pinna the lowest or next to lowest - Jackson's Spleenwort (Asplenium x jacksonii) (Alston, 1940)

64. Leaves irregularly and sparsely divided into linear segments - Forked Spleenwort (Asplenium septentrionale) (Linnaeus, 1753)

64. Leaves 1-pinnate - 65

64. Leaves 2-3-pinnate - 68

65. Distal part of rhachis conspicuously green-winged - Sea Spleenwort (Asplenium marinum) (Linnaeus, 1753)

65. Rhachis not or scarcely winged - 66

66. Rhachis blackish - 67

66. Rhachis green - Green Spleenwort (Asplenium viride) (Hudson, 1762)

67. Pinnae oblong-triangular - Lobed Maidenhair Spleenwort (Asplenium csikii) (Kümmerle and Andrásovszky, 1922)

67. Pinnae suborbicular to rhombic - Small-leaved Maidenhair Spleenwort (Asplenium trichomanes) (Linnaeus, 1753)

67. Pinnae oblong - Common Maidenhair Spleenwort (Asplenium quadrivalens) (Meyer, 1962)

68. Longest pinnae at middle of blade - 69

68. Longest pinnae clearly the basal ones - 70

69. Pinnules ovate to suborbicular - Lanceolate Spleenwort (Asplenium obovatum) (Viviani, 1824)

69. Pinnules narrowly ovate to triangular - Fountain Spleenwort (Asplenium fontanum) (Linnaeus, 1753)

70. Petioles green - Wall-rue (Asplenium ruta-muraria) (Linnaeus, 1753)

70. Petioles reddish-brown to blackish - 71

71. Blade and pinnae acute to very shortly acuminate - 72

71. Blade and pinnae very long-acuminate - Irish Spleenwort (Asplenium onopteris) (Linnaeus, 1753)

72. Pinnules narrow and pointed - Black Spleenwort (Asplenium adiantum-nigrum subsp. adiantum-nigrum) (Linnaeus, 1753)

72. Pinnules wide and blunt - Black Spleenwort (Asplenium adiantum-nigrum subsp. corunnense) (Christ, 1904)

Animals (Key 1)

Key 1

1. Limbs not modified into flippers or wings - 2

1. Limbs modified into flippers - 36

1. Limbs modified into wings - 57

2. Animal with spines - European Hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) (Linnaeus, 1758)

2. Animal without spines - 3

3. Forelimbs large and robust - European Mole (Talpa europaea) (Linnaeus, 1758)

3. Forelimbs not large and robust - 4

4. Ears long and prominent - 5

4. Ears not long and prominent - 7

5. Ears with black tips - 6

5. Ears without black tips - European Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) (Linnaeus, 1758)

6. Fur orange-brown all year - Brown Hare (Lepus europaeus) (Pallas, 1778)

6. Fur grey-brown in summer, white in winter - Scottish Mountain Hare (Lepus timidus scoticus) (Hilzheimer, 1906)

6. Fur reddish-brown in summer, grey-brown in winter - Irish Mountain Hare (Lepus timidus hibernicus) (Bell, 1837)

7. Large prominent incisors present - 8

7. Large prominent incisors absent - 20

8. Tail large and paddle-like - Eurasian Beaver (Castor fiber) (Linnaeus, 1758)

8. Tail bushy - 9

8. Tail long and thin - 10

9. Tail one colour - Red Squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) (Linnaeus, 1758)

9. Tail speckled and fringed white - Grey Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) (Gmelin, 1788)

10. Tail furry - 11

10. Tail not furry - 12

11. Fur orange-brown - Hazel Dormouse (Muscardinus avellanarius) (Linnaeus, 1758)

11. Fur grey - Edible Dormouse (Glis glis) (Linnaeus, 1766)

12. Ears mostly hidden by the fur - 13

12. Ears mostly not hidden by the fur - 15

13. Tail 60% of head and body length - Water Vole (Arvicola amphibius) (Linnaeus, 1758)

13. Tail 50% of head and body length - Bank Vole (Myodes glareolus) (Schreber, 1780)

13. Tail 30% of head and body length - 14

14. Fur greyish-brown - Field Vole (Microtus agrestis) (Linnaeus, 1761)

14. Fur yellowish-brown - Common Vole (Microtus arvalis) (Pallas, 1779)

15. Tail prehensile - Harvest Mouse (Micromys minutus) (Pallas, 1771)

15. Tail not prehensile - 16

16. Belly with an unbroken band of yellow - Yellow-necked Mouse (Apodemus flavicollis) (Melchior, 1834)

16. Belly without an unbroken band of yellow - 17

17. Belly paler than body - Wood Mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus) (Linnaeus, 1758)

17. Belly same colour as body - 18

18. Body less than 10 cm - House Mouse (Mus musculus) (Linnaeus, 1758)

18. Body more than 10 cm - 19

19. Ears hairy on inside - Brown Rat (Rattus norvegicus) (Berkenhout, 1769)

19. Ears not hairy on inside - Black Rat (Rattus rattus) (Linnaeus, 1758)

20. Carnassial teeth present - 21

20. Carnassial teeth absent - 27

21. Snout short - Wildcat (Felis silvestris) (Schreber, 1777)

21. Snout elongated - 22

22. Fur orange-brown - Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) (Linnaeus, 1758)

22. Fur black and white - Eurasian Badger (Meles meles) (Linnaeus, 1758)

22. Fur brown - 23

23. Tail thick and powerful - Otter (Lutra lutra) (Linnaeus, 1758)

23. Tail long and fluffy - 24

24. Chest with a yellowish white patch - Pine Marten (Martes martes) (Linnaeus, 1758)

24. Chest without a yellowish white patch - 25

25. Tail orange-brown with a black tip - Stoat (Mustela erminea) (Linnaeus, 1758)

25. Tail orange-brown without a black tip - Weasel (Mustela nivalis) (Linnaeus, 1766)

25. Tail dark brown - 26

26. Underfur creamy - Polecat (Mustela putorius) (Linnaeus, 1758)

26. Fur entirely dark brown - American Mink (Mustela vison) (Schreber, 1777)

27. Snout long and shrew-like - 28

27. Snout not shrew-like - 32

28. Teeth pigmented - 29

28. Teeth not pigmented - 31

29. Fur brown - 30

29. Fur black - Water Shrew (Neomys fodiens) (Pennant, 1777)

30. Side paler than back but darker than belly - Common Shrew (Sorex araneus) (Linnaeus, 1758)

30. Side same colour as back - Pygmy Shrew (Sorex minutus) (Linnaeus, 1766)

31. Belly pale grey - Lesser White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura suaveolens) (Pallas, 1811)

31. Belly yellowish-grey - Greater White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura russula) (Hermann, 1780)

32. Snout with disc of cartilage - Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) (Linnaeus, 1758)

32. Snout without disc of cartilage - 32

33. Tail present - 34

33. Tail vestigial - Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus) (Linnaeus, 1758)

34. Rump buff-coloured with no black border - Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) (Linnaeus, 1758)

34. Rump buff-coloured with black border at top - Sika Deer (Cervus nippon) (Temminck, 1838)

34. Rump buff-coloured with black border on top, sides and tail - Fallow Deer (Dama dama) (Linnaeus, 1758)

34. Rump same colour as body with no black border - 35

35. Tail short and brown - Chinese Water Deer (Hydropotes inermis) (Swinhoe, 1870)

35. Tail flat and wide - Reeves’ Muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi) (Ogilby, 1839)

36. Tail not modified into flukes - 37

36. Tail modified into flukes - 38

37. Muzzle short and blunt - Harbour Seal (Phoca vitulina)

37. Muzzle long and straight - Grey Seal (Halichoerus grypus) (Fabricius, 1791)

38. Baleen present - 39

38. Teeth present - 45

39. Dorsal fin absent - 40

39. Dorsal fin present - 41

40. Callosities present on head and around blowhole - North Atlantic Right Whale (Eubalaena glacialis) (Müller, 1776)

40. Callosities absent - Bowhead Whale (Balaena mysticetus) (Linnaeus, 1758)

41. Animal blackish - Humpback Whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) (Borowski, 1781)

41. Animal bluish or grey - 42

42. Animal mottled - Blue Whale (Balaenoptera musculus) (Linnaeus, 1758)

42. Animal not mottled - 43

43. Flippers without white markings - 44

43. Flippers with white markings - Minke Whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) (Lacépède, 1804)

44. Right lip and palate with white markings - Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus) (Linnaeus, 1758)

44. Right lip and mouth cavity uniformly grey - Sei Whale (Balaenoptera borealis) (Lesson, 1828)

45. Dorsal fin small - 46

45. Dorsal fin tall - 52

46. Forehead large and bulbous - 47

46. Forehead sloping or slightly bulbous - 49

46. Forehead square-shaped - 50

47. Snout long - Northern Bottlenose Whale (Hyperoodon ampullatus) (Forster, 1770)

47. Snout short - 48

48. Animal white - Beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) (Pallas, 1776)

48. Animal dark grey or black - Long-finned Pilot Whale (Globicephala melas) (Traill, 1809)

49. Beak relatively short - Cuvier’s Beaked Whale (Ziphius cavirostris) (Cuvier, 1823)

49. Beak relatively long - Sowerby’s Beaked Whale (Mesoplodon bidens) (Sowerby, 1804)

50. Head 1/6 body length - 51

50. Head 1/3 body length - Sperm Whale (Physeter macrocephalus) (Linnaeus, 1758)

51. Dorsal fin just behind centre of back - Pygmy Sperm Whale (Kogia breviceps) (Blainville, 1838)

51. Dorsal fin in centre of back - Dwarf Sperm Whale (Kogia sima) (Owen, 1866)

52. No beak - 53

52. Beak present - 54

53. Body with distinct black and white patches - Orca (Orcinus orca) (Linnaeus, 1758)

53. Body with darker and lighter areas but not distinct patches - 56

53. Body entirely black or grey - False Killer Whale (Pseudorca crassidens) (Owen, 1846)

54. Flanks without hourglass pattern or stripes - 55

54. Flanks with hourglass pattern - Common Dolphin (Delphinus delphis) (Linnaeus, 1758)

54. Flanks striped - Striped Dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) (Meyen, 1833)

54. Flanks entirely grey - Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) (Montagu, 1821)

55. Flippers small and sickle-shaped - Atlantic White-sided Dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus) (Gray, 1828)

55. Flippers large and not sickle-shaped - White-beaked Dolphin (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) (Gray, 1846)

56. Teeth conical - Risso’s Dolphin (Grampus griseus) (Cuvier, 1812)

56. Teeth spade-like - Harbour Porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) (Linnaeus, 1758)

57. Tail extending up to a half beyond the tail membrane - European Free-tailed Bat (Tadarida teniotis) (Rafinesque, 1814)

57. Tail included completely in the broad tail membrane or except for the last one or two vertebrae - 58

58. Nose-leaf present - 59

58. Nose-leaf absent - 63

59. Connecting process bluntly rounded in profile - 60

59. Connecting process pointed in profile - 61

60. Forearm >54 mm - Greater Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum) (Schreber, 1774)

60. Forearm <43 mm - Lesser Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus hipposideros) (Bechstein, 1800)

61. Second phalanx of the fourth finger less than twice as long as the first - Blasius' Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus blasii) (Peters, 1867)

61. Second phalanx of the fourth finger more than twice as long as the first - 62

62. Lancet narrows +/- gradually to tip - Mediterranean Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus euryale) (Blasius, 1853)

62. Lancet abruptly narrowed above the middle to a distinctly linear tip - Mehely's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus mehelyi) (Matschie, 1901)

63. Only one pair of upper incisors - North American Hoary Bat (Aeorestes cinereus) (Palisot de Beauvois, 1796)

63. Two pairs of upper incisors - 64

64. Ears connected at their base by a fold of skin - 65

64. Ears not connected by a fold of skin - 69

65. Ears over 30 mm - 66

65. Ears shorter - Western Barbastelle (Barbastella barbastellus) (Schreber, 1774)

66. Thumb <6.5 mm - 67

66. Thumb <6.5 mm - 68

66. Thumb 6 - 6.5 mm - Sardinian Long-eared Bat (Plecotus sardus) (Mucedda, Kiefer, Pidinchedda and Veith, 2002)

67. Forearm length <38 mm in males, <39 mm in females - Mediterranean Long-eared Bat (Plecotus kolombatovici) (Dulic, 1980)

67. Forearm length >38 mm in males, >39 mm in females - Grey Long-eared Bat (Plecotus austriacus) (Fischer, 1829)

68. Long upright hairs on the whole hind foot and toes - Brown Long-eared Bat (Plecotus auritus) (Linnaeus, 1758)

68. Long upright hairs on the toes only - Mountain Long-eared Bat (Plecotus macrobullaris)

69. Forearm >50 mm - 70

69. Forearm <50 mm - 72

70. Ears >24.5 mm - 71

70. Easts >24.5 mm - Lesser Mouse-eared Bat (Myotis blythii) (Tomes, 1857)

71. Tragus with black spot at tip - Greater Mouse-eared Bat (Myotis myotis) (Borkhausen, 1797)

71. Tragus without black spot at tip - Maghreb Mouse-eared Bat (Myotis punicus) (Felten, Spitzenberger and Storch, 1977)

72. Ears >20 mm - Bechstein's Mouse-eared Bat (Myotis bechsteinii) (Kuhl, 1817)

72. Ears <20 mm - 73

73. Spur very long and curved into an S-shape - Natterer's Mouse-eared Bat (Myotis nattereri) (Kuhl, 1817)

73. Spur straight or only slightly curved - 74

74. Hind foot length is larger than tibia length - 75

74. Hind foot length half or less than half tibia length - 77

75. Forearm >42 mm - Pond Mouse-eared Bat (Myotis dasycneme) (Boie, 1825)

75. Forearm <42 mm - 76

76. Wing membrane inserted before ankle on the lower leg - Long-fingered Mouse-eared Bat (Myotis capaccinii) (Bonaparte, 1837)

76. Wing membrane inserted between the ankle and the middle of the sole of the hind foot - Daubenton's Mouse-eared Bat (Myotis daubentonii) (Kuhl, 1817)

77. Forearm mostly >37 mm - Geoffroy's Mouse-eared Bat (Myotis emarginatus) (Geoffroy, 1806)

77. Forearm mostly <37 mm - Alcathoe Whiskered Mouse-eared Bat (Myotis alcathoe) (von Helversen and Heller, 2001)

Key of Life: An Identification Key of Eukaryotes

Animals

Plants

Fungi